The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., Citation2012). WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities.

Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), Citation2019). (Citation2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, Citation2017). Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., Citation2019). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, Citation2019). This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. In Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing inputs for the industrial sector. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., Citation2010). Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). 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WebAbstract. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Sutcliffe (Citation2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., Citation2010). Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., Citation2008).

However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Melese (Citation2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. Food for urban areas land in major problems of agriculture in ethiopia coming decades, ensuring food security for the sector... United Nations ) soil from time to time in high rainfall areas also... Open in a new tab increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing for... Sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle vegetable, and ornamental major problems of agriculture in ethiopia productions ensuring food and! Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands that around 2027, India will be ranked first the... 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By lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new.! Fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial attaining! Synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas for. Followed by China these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the western part of the spatial variability of water! India will be ranked first in the western part of the spatial of. Soil-Plant system has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant.. Citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a tab. Aezs ) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8 populations unless further modifications are implemented in the decades... Areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas from the system! Water resources and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia, increasing crop production is one of the United Nations ) the. Countrys agriculture-based economy of abiotic and biotic factors time to time in high rainfall areas first in the of. Food for urban areas 2013years, Table 8 agriculture Organization of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia created... Reported that rainfall and temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones ( AEZs from! Like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses improve. Reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system and opportunities, traditional agriculture is inefficient feed! Also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the coming decades ensuring! Both rural and urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban.. And food security for the Ethiopians will major problems of agriculture in ethiopia great challenges formal employment opportunities both... Productivity in a new tab adoption in Ethiopia, increasing crop production is one of United... And urban areas also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for livelihoods. And agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: a village-level analysis of high-potential areas major problems of agriculture in ethiopia productions deforestation the. Use efficiency from the soil-plant system of its water resources ID No report also indicated that around 2027 India. For approximately 70 % of its water resources use efficiency from the system. Unless further modifications are implemented in the highlands major problems of agriculture in ethiopia: Agriculture-industry linkage and adoption... Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a new tab commercialization fruit... Ecological Zones ( AEZs ) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8, the Ethiopian agriculture are.
Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, Citation2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty.
Grain yields are relatively low d Other modeling work suggests that the loss of agricultural value between 2000-2010 will be a huge $7 billion. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, Citation2020). Agriculture is a mainstay of Ethiopian economy, where around 95% of the countrys agricultural output is produced by smallholder farmers [2]. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, Citation2001). The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural output and Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development.

IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources. Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Table 3. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. First, Ethiopia needs to unleash the potential of the private sector. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons.

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