WebSuch studies may be purely descriptive or more analytical. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://www.msssi.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/estadisticas/estMinisterio/SolicitudSNHSdocs/Formulario_Peticion_Datos_SNHS.pdf, https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm12062443/s1, https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/, https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=49075&L=0, https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity, https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/excelencia/cuidadospaliativos-diabetes/DIABETES/Estrategia_en_diabetes_del_SNS_Accesible.pdf, https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176784&menu=metodologia&idp=1254735573175, https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/EncuestaEuropea/Enc_Eur_Salud_en_Esp_2020.htm, https://www.sanidad.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/EncuestaEuropea/home.htm, https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7599055. The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest. Dictionary of Nursing Theory and Research, Statistics for Nursing: A Practical Approash, A Practical Approach to Using Statistics in Health Research. WebThis research project was a descriptive study which measured the differences between generation, learning style, modality of course delivery and learning outcomes of the education sessions for participants in the regional higher education institution's professional development program. Each JBI Checklist provides tips and guidance on what to look for to answer each question. The study of hepatitis A traced to green onions, described above, is an example of a case-control study. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep-wake schedules and self-reported myopia in the pediatric population. These variables include among others, gender, obesity, age, lower educational level, current smoking, chronic conditions, mental disorders, and self-perceived health [15,16,17,25,26,27,27,28,29,30,31]. Mynarski W., Psurek A., Borek Z., Rozpara M., Grabara M., Strojek K. Declared and real physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Caltrac accelerometer monitor: A potential tool for physical activity assessment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. hTj0EoMua8(( JbMqR' Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are provided as the measure of association of the multivariable models. Colberg S.R., Sigal R.J., Fernhall B., Regensteiner J.G., Blissmer B.J., Rubin R.R., Chasan-Taber L., Albright A.L., Braun B., American College of Sports Medicine et al. The EHISS2014 was conducted from January to December 2014 and the EHISS2020 from July 2019 to July 2020. WebDescriptive cross-sectional studies simply characterize the prevalence of one or multiple health outcomes in a specified population. (2023). The results of the multivariable logistic regression model to identify, among participants with diabetes, which variables were independently associated with the frequency and the number of days per week of PA are shown in Table 4. For example, a the control arm of a randomised trial may also be used as a cohort study; and the baseline measures of a cohort study may be used as a cross-sectional study. The key in a case-control study is to identify an appropriate control group, comparable to the case group in most respects, in order to provide a reasonable estimate of the baseline or expected exposure. The frequency of PA was significantly higher among controls without diabetes than among cases with diabetes when the analysis was stratified by any of the sociodemographic variables shown in Table 2. What is the epidemiological triangle? Variables associated with medium or high physical activity and with number of days of physical activity 2 days among people with diabetes. and N.C.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. A systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences in PA in type 2 diabetes adults throughout life concluded that these do not occur among adolescents but do appear with a remarkable magnitude in the older population [31]. The EHISS is a powerful source of information through the collection and analysis of demographic and socio-economic characteristics, self-reported clinical conditions, use of medications and health services, and lifestyles; many of these variables are usually difficult to obtain from clinical records. In this cross-sectional WebThe present study is a cross-sectional epidemiologic study. 2020 American College of Chest Physicians. These studies allow an estimate of the prevalence of a parameter and may provide information on the aetiology, albeit to a limited extent. 10.2196/39259 WebCohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational studies. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Unlike most previous studies, in our investigation, we have matched people with and without diabetes by age, gender, and region of residence to improve study efficiency by increasing precision and therefore providing novel and more reliable results [32]. Regarding clinical variables, people with diabetes had better self-rated health in year 2020 when compared to 2014 and a significant reduction was found for self-reported COPD, mental disease, and body mass index. A participant was considered to have diabetes if answered affirmatively to the question: Has your doctor told you that you are suffering from diabetes?. Often these studies are the only practicable method of studying various problems, for example, studies of aetiology, instances where a randomised controlled trial might be unethical, or if the condition to be studied is rare. JMIR Publications, JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Espaola de Endocrinologa y Nutricin (SEEN) [Clinical recommendations for sport practice in diabetic patients (RECORD Guide). They are usually inexpensive and easy to conduct. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. These tips begin on page 4. Each JBI Checklist provides tips and guidance on what to look for to answer each question. Intervention approaches in this subgroup of patients should be individualized, multidisciplinary, and always considering their specific barriers to PA [2,9,29,43]. This work has been supported by the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad Complutense de Madrid in the line Excellence Programme for university teaching staff, in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation), the FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones SanitariasHealth Research Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), and co-financed by the European Union through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, Una manera de hacer Europa): grant no. In analytical cross-sectional studies, P?`4^/D.kAu"|H@k})_O+e[:]GO@07O _m$+7nk@}> JmWew/]Due;K.etzN>I-_Pn&P}O}wjhXnZ]nq3oyL2\^3Mv#?x)Gvvu]r6/Kkr7-B|tsEa.(x Webstudies, cross-sectional, and case-control studies as the sources of the measures we examined, but the study designs themselves were secondary to our interest. Those who answered no were classified as non-diabetic subjects. In addition to being a female, we found that higher age, lower educational level, and current smoking were associated to lower PA in the multivariable analysis. estimated a prevalence of physical inactivity, measured through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, of 35.4% in his diabetes population of 1014 persons in year 2020 [17]. The variability or dispersion concerns how spread out the values are. Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. These findings are like those reported in the literature [16,30,41], and possibly have a two-way direction causality. +pNDrupA?_"zH Zu#\}]J]h"FJ4?Ac 'b1]}\ }fwjjdk> SXy| #ySW?| ?nqQx [\{%-iQ@VG|n.O$22$??^Xb/29"t4-o*r{w{ yuO=NX@/]J[ The identification of females as a target group in which to increase PA adherence is especially relevant if we consider that females with diabetes have higher risk of suffering coronary disease than males with diabetes, with greater sequelae and mortality [37]. Both authors contributed equally to this work. A recent systematic review of the literature found that these results are independent of the measurement instrument or study location [27]. 1 0 obj Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis. In a case-control study, investigators start by enrolling a group of people with disease (at CDC such persons are called case-patients rather than cases, because case refers to occurrence of disease, not a person). Further investigation of the ingredients in the salsa implicated green onions as the source of infection. Cross-sectional studies can be used for both analytical and descriptive purposes: An analytical study tries to answer how or why a Cross-sectional studies allow you to collect data from a large pool of subjects and compare differences between groups. In analytical cross-sectional However, self-reported comorbidities, smoking, or BMI > 30 were associated to less PA. (4) Conclusions: The time trend of PA among Spanish adults with diabetes is favorable but insufficient. Weban experimental design to separate age effects from time-of-measurement and cohort effects (i.e., to determine if the results obtained are age-related only). Shown in Figure 1 are the frequency of PA and number of days per week of PA according to gender among people with self-reported diabetes included in the EHISS conducted in years 2014 and 2020. The aim of such studies is to investigate the relations between many relevant variables without taking into account WebDesign and setting: Cross-sectional study of 1 168 620 people in England. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the WebPurpose: This study aimed to investigate the learning strategies adopted by Saudi university students and explore the differences in the use of learning strategies due to gender and academic achievement.

The study is summarized below. ____ 4. The investigator then tracks all participants, observes who gets the disease that the new vaccine is intended to prevent, and compares the two groups (new vaccine vs. placebo) to see whether the vaccine group has a lower rate of disease. Available online: Ministerio de Sanidad European Health Survey in Spain 2020 [Encuesta Europea de Salud en Espaa 2020] [(accessed on 3 January 2023)]; Ministerio de Sanidad Encuesta Europea de Salud en Espaa. All age groups under 75 years reported more PA than the elderly. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Jimenez et al. Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease with a significant impact on quality of life, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs [1,2]. When investigators find that persons with a particular characteristic are more likely than those without the characteristic to contract a disease, the characteristic is said to be associated with the disease. Mobile health interventions (mHealth) can represent an alternative or complement to face-to-face programs, although their results still require further effectiveness studies [42,43,44,45,46].

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